🚀 CS Masterclass: Paradigms & Files

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Programming Paradigms

Paradigm	The Vibe	How It Works	Examples
Low-Level	Direct hardware control. ⚙️	Manipulating memory and CPU instructions directly. Fast but complex.	Assembly, Machine Code
Imperative	Step-by-step boss. 📋	Telling the computer exactly how to achieve the result with statements.	C, Pascal
Object-Oriented	Real-world modeling. 🧱	Organizing code into "objects" containing data (attributes) and logic (methods).	Java, Python, C++
Declarative	Focus on the "What". ✨	Describing the desired outcome, leaving the "how" to the language engine.	SQL, HTML, Prolog

File Management Fundamentals

folder_open Access Types

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Sequential FilesRead linearly from start to finish. Good for bulk processing (like logs).
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Random-Access FilesJump directly to specific records using an ID or index. Crucial for databases.

settings_applications File Modes

Read Mode (r)Look, don't touch.
Write Mode (w)Overwrites existing data.
Append Mode (a)Adds to the end safely.

Random Access Lifecycle

Step 1Hash ID

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Step 2SEEK Pointer

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Step 3PUT / GET

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Step 4CLOSEFILE

Exception Handling

An Exception is an unexpected event that disrupts the normal flow of a program (like trying to divide by zero or opening a file that doesn't exist). We use structured blocks to handle these gracefully instead of crashing.

TRY

Contains the "risky" code that might throw an error.

try
result = 10 / 0;

EXCEPT / CATCH

The safety net. Executes only if an error occurs in TRY.

catch (Exception e)
print("Can't divide by zero!");

FINALLY

Cleanup crew. Runs no matter what (success or failure).

finally
closeConnection();

Concept Review

Click a card to flip it and reveal the definition.

Programming Paradigm

A fundamental style or approach to writing computer programs (e.g., Object-Oriented, Imperative).

Random-Access File

A file structure that allows jumping directly to any specific record without reading preceding data.

Record Structure

A composite data type that groups related fields (which can be of different types) into a single unit.

Exception

An event that occurs during program execution that disrupts the normal flow of instructions.

Knowledge Check

1. What command is used to move the read/write pointer to a specific location in a Random-Access File?

JUMPSEEKFIND

2. SQL and HTML are examples of which programming paradigm?

ImperativeObject-OrientedDeclarative